Ji Zhang 1/10/1999 Period 8 West Civ. Chapter 12 Test terms 500 AD- Germanic invasions destroyed urban world of Roman Empire, trade, cities, bridges, roads, law, decline, money: no longer used. Early part of Medieval= “Dark Ages” (since so backward) Medieval = medium + aevum (middle age) Franks’ (France & w. Ger)= strongest Ger. group at 400, early rulers = “Merovingian kings for the ruler Merowig= power til 700’s. Franks Decline since custom of dividing kingdom among heirs after king’s death. Bishop Gregory of Tours- best source of Merovingian kings’ history. Clovis- 481 brutal/wily warrior king of Franks. 15 yrs later- 1st Ger. ruler to accept Catholicism. (mili. & reli. victories gave Clovis stability.) 1 century later Franks declined. 700 AD- political power passed from kings to gov’t officals/ mayors of the palace. Charles “the Hammer” Martel- 714: mayor or the palace. Led victory in defense of Tours vs. Muslims, gave him prestige, ensured Christianity dominant in Europe. Pepin the Short- 752, w/ backing of nobles & church, son of Martel= king. Pope anointed Pepin. In return, Pepin help pope. 754- forced Lombards away from Rome. Gave pope strip of Lombard land in cen. Italy, so pope cut ties w/ Byzantine & look to Franks as protector; fortunes of w/ Europe & Catholicism more bound. Charlemagne/Charles the Great- 768, Pepin’s son, Frankish king, Carolus Magnus (Carolingian= his dynasty). Einhard, monk, his biographer, tells his imposing figure. Ch. doubled borders of kingdom to include Ger., France, n. Spain, most of Italy. His domain=“ Frankish Empire.”- 1st time most w/ Europe under 1 gov’t since Romans. Since illiteracy high, Ch. wanted revive learning; set up palace school at Aachen, his capital, to educate officials. Alcuin (English scholar), ran the school & developed Bible & Latin writings. under Alcuin, scholars preserved classical learning by copying ancient manuscripts; Ch.’s school helped provide w/ Europeans w/ a common set of ideas. Christianity- idea that would unite w. Europe- Christian Roman Empire. Church thought Charlemagne can turn this into reality. 800- Charlemagne to Rome to militarily defend Pope Leo III vs. Rome nobles. In return, Leo III crowned Charlemagne new Roman emperor. Charlemagne wanted the tile as protector of Church & ruler of w. Europe, but this meant the pope/ church has more power since he crowned Ch. But Ch. accepted. Since central bureaucracy small, Ch. relied on local officials- counts, to assist. Counts: instructed in duties, solved local problems, stopped feuds, protect weak, raise armies for emperor. missi dominici, royal messengers, ea. year, inspect counts, tell Ch. about performance & other local admins. Ch. also traveled throughout empire to examine officials. Collapse of Charlemagne’s Empire- Ch.’s forceful personality held empire together- death in 814- Louis the Pious, his son, inherit crown. After Louis’ death, 3 grandsons fought for control of empire. 843- Treaty of Verdun 3 grandsons divide Carolingian lands. Charles the Bald- western part- France, Louis the German- east- Germany, Lothair, became Roman emperor, strip of land in the middle of the empire from N. Sea to Italy. Invasions Increase Disunity- internal feuds weakened Carolingian kingdoms, outside invasions almost destroyed them. – Muslims from N. Africa seized parts of S. Italy & w. Mediterranean. Slavs from e. to invade central Europe. From Asia- Magyars, nomads, galloped west, destroying. Most threatening= vikings. Vikings, Scandinavia (N) raiders. (medieval Scand- go a viking= fight as a warrior) Viking- long, deckless ships w/ 1 sail: slide swiftly through water w/ long oars. Sturdy enough to cross Atlantic & shallow enough for rivers, light enough to carry past bridges. Eric Bloodax, Harald Bluetooth- ex. boasting names. Vikings sought riches & adventure (cause of expeditions, & also overpopulation). 800’s- left overpopulated home, (Norway/Denmark/Sweden). Fought ferociously w/o mercy. Viking Trade- Vi. moved along Atlantic & Med. coasts. Norwegians settled N. Atlantic islands- Greenland & Iceland, even N. America. Danes temp. held ENG & established Normandy in nw. France; Swedes settled in Ukraine & Russia. Viking Culture- polytheistic, Eddas- written poems of stories of gods’ great deeds. Also had long sagas. 1st Storytellers recited at special feasts, after 1100 Vi.’s wrote down sagas. when accept Christianity, Vi.’s write w/ Roman letters. New Europe- w/ Europe suffered from Vikings & other invaders: raids isolate communities, weaken central authority of monarchs. Trade decl, areas face eco. collapse; nobles & local officials took over local defense- 900’s- new political/social system= more stability to w/ Europe. Feudalism- new political system (w/ weak central gov’t).- stressed alliances of mutual protection btw/ monarchs & nobles; based on giving land to nobles in exchange for loyalty & military. Land= peasant farmers, gov’t rules. Feudalism = 900 AD, spread throughout w/ Europe by mid 1000’s. Feudal Relationships- tie btw/ milit. & land.- began in 700’s, when Martel fight Muslims. Muslims fought w/ saddles & horseback, unlike Europeans. Martel wanted to adopt the stirrup & develop cavalry, but too expensive. To support cavalry, Martel grant warriors fiefs (estates w/ peasants). Warriors got income to buy horses & equipment from fiefs. Frankish kings enlarged this system- give fiefs to counts/local officials, so the nobles assumed many gov’t powers: raise army, justice, minting coins. in return, nobles swore oath of loyalty & military support to king.= feudalism (by 900’s) Feudal Relationship=pyramid, king at top, middle= various lords. ea. lord = vassal- a noble who served a lord of the next higher rank. knights= mounted warriors, provided by lords to serve royal army in return since lords were granted lands & could pass to heirs. Noble= could be lord & vassal, since nobel can pledge allegiance to more than one lord. Siboto (german warrior) of Falkenstein= vassal to 20 lords. Conflicts of loyalty if a vassals lords at war! Obligations- Homage- solemn ceremony officializing the tie btw/ a lord & vassal: in return for fief, vassal pledged certain duties. most important= milit. service. Vassal agreed to # of knights for lord during a period of 40- 60 days ea. year. Vassal serve in lord’s court, give food & lodge when lord visits, contribute funds when lord’s son= knight or when oldest daughter marries. Vassals pledged to pay ransom if lord is captured. Castles- warfare common since lack central gov’t. every noble has castle/ fortified manor house for defense. 1st castles= wooden w/ high fences of logs/mounds w/ hard-packed earth around. 1100’s- castles =stone, thick walls & turrets/small towers. Ea. castle built on hill/mound & surrounded by a deep moat. Square tower, keep, strongest part of castle, many rooms, a hall, and a dungeon. Bailey surrounds keep, large open area. w/in baily= barracks, storerooms, workshops, chapel, etc. Nobility Life-nobility= ladies, lords, knights. life easier than peasants, but not luxurious. castles built for security, not comfort= cold, dingy, damp. a lord/nobleman= total authority w/in his fief, collected rent, settled disputes btw/ vassals. Outside attempt to seize the land or control inhabitants of his fief met w/ violence. lady/ noblewoman, had few/none rights. wed as early as 12th birthday to man by father’s selection. duties= bring up children, take care of household. took pride in needlework; cloth & embroidery. also learned medicines from plants/herbs. Some women shared supervision of estate w/ lord & took over husbands’ duties when men away. Entertainment-tournaments- mock battles btw/ knights- show of military skill. loved falconry & archery. dinner w/ game & fish follow, minstrels/singers entertained in hall. Knight- nobleman’s son train at 7 as a page/assistant in the house of lord- learn manners & use weapon use. 15- page became squire to assist a knight & practice weapons. One prove himself in battle, squire- knighted in elaborate ceremony. Chivalry- code of behavior for knights: brave, fair fight, keep promises, defend Church, treat noble women courteously.- basis of good manners in western society. Manorial system- wealth of lord from labor of peasants- lived worked on his land. peasants worked for large landowners since 1. not afford own land, 2. protection. manorialism- economic life centered around this way of agriculture.- give lords & peasants food, shelter, protection. Manors/estates- varied in size- hundred to hundred thousand acres. ea. manor- lord’s manor house, pastures for livestock, fields, forest, village for peasants. Manorialism- ec. ties btw/ lord & peasants. Manor Work- peasants return for protection services, e.g.- farming & payments of goods, ex: obliged to leave portion of bread ea. time baked at lord’s oven, set aside days ea. year for repairs, etc to roads. Warfare & invasions- trade almost impossible, manor must produce everything. Most peasants farmed/ herd sheep, few as artisans; manor needs those. Peasant women made candles, sheared sheep, spun wool , sewed clothes. Peasants rarely left manor/ most serfs- bound to manor & could not leave w/o permission. serfs= NOT slaves, not be sold apart from land they lived on. Increased Production- new, heavier plow- deeper cuts in ground & had a device- mould-board: pushed soil sideways. Heaveir plow= less time in fields for peasants, result: develop better method of planting.- instead of dividing land into 2 fields (1 fallow) , in 1000- use 3 field system: 1 field plant w/ winter wheat, 2nd w/ spring wheat & vege, 3rd fallow. next year, different crops planted on different field – produced more crops & help preserve soil. Peasant Life- poverty, hardship, few serfs beyond 40 yrs. old. Famine, disease= constant dangers. war= peasants hardest hit. Invading knights kill crops, burn villages; lord need more payment of crops & labor in war. 1 room house w/ dirt floors, no chimney, crude furniture. People huddled for warmth. Bread, few vege, grain for porridge= diet, meat is rare. Sundays & holy days = relax: dancing, singing, wrestling, archer. Religious plays, pageants, minstrel shows. Serfs & Nobles: common interest in land. every person equal in the “eyes of God”, but in practice, society is hierarchy. ea. person had his own duties, people did not question their standing/obligations. Maniorial system- lack of freedom & opportunity, but very stable & secure way of life in a violent & uncertain time. Church- Catholic dominant & center of lives, but small # Jews/ Muslims/ non-Cath. Christians. Church’s primary mission= spiritual, but after decline of Rome (400’s) Chruch= political & social. Bishop of Rome= pope= strongest political leader, spiritual authority over Christians: based on Peter the Apostle, Rome’s first bishop, was chosen by Jesus to lead the Church. Role- all sinners & dependent on God’s grace. only way to get grace was sacraments/ church rituals: baptism, penance, eucharist, confirmation, matrimony, anoint sick, holy orders. important= eucharist, holy communion- commemorated Christ’s death. People shared in the eucharist at a mass/ worship service. ea. mass- priest blessed wheat wafers & cup of wine on altar, Catholic: priests & worshippers received Jesus’ invisible presence in form of bread & wine. People = limited understanding of rituals, masses in Latin, (few understood); many priests poorly educated, few worshippers literate, average person learned from statues, paintings, stained glass. Organization- people contact w/ parish priests, who conducted services & oversaw spiritual life of community. Rarely bishops visit parish to supervise. Pope, bishops, priests= secular clergy since they lived in saeculo (Latin: “in the world”), other clergy, regular clergy, lived by regula (rule). Regular= monks/nuns- strengthened church. Benedict’s Rule- 529- Roman official Benedict found monastery at Monte Cassino in Italy- model for monks: list of rules for manual work, meditation, prayer: monks: no own goods, not marry, bound to monastic laws. life= poverty, chastity, obedience to directives of abbot (monastery head). Monks- long, simple coarse robes, 1, 2 meals per day, most= rule of silence (no converse w/ ea. other cept for short time ea. day). Some= total silence. Meal= 1 monk may read from Bible while others meditate. Women= live in convents as nuns under abess. Wore simple clothes & wrapped white cloth- wimple- around face & neck. Alternated prayer w/ spinning, weaving, embroidering. Taught needlework & medicinal herbs to daughters of nobles. Influence of Monastics- monks not completely isolated although lived secluded- crucial role in intellect & social life. Since few people literate, regular clergy preserved religious works & classical writings. Scribes copied books, in small room w/ candle/window for light. Illuminated manuscripts w/ rich colors indicate although tedious, lovingly done. Monasteries & convents provide schools, hospitals, food for needy, guest for travelers. Taught peasants carpentry/weaving, & improved agriculture. Some became missionaries. Missionary Efforts- Pope Gregory I- impressed w/ Benedictine Rule- wanted to spread Christianity. 597- sent monks to England, convert Saxons to Catholic. From ENG, go to N. Germany. 600- Ireland sent missionaries to N. Atlantic & w. Europe. Although Irish isolated from pope in Rome, missionaries won many converts. mid-1000’s- most w. Europeans = Catholics. Church Power- helped govern w. Europe. Own laws & courts for cases of clergy, doctrine, marriage, morals. Disobedience = severe penalties for all. Interdict can banned entire region / country from receiving sacraments for salvation. Feudal ties boosted Church, but weak its spiritual vitality. Many church officials= nobles & had land from kings. Since religious, cannot fight, so gave land to knights to fight for them. Many donate land & money to ensure salvation. Nobles influence church: eg. appoint relatives to church- many not devoted to spiritual. Reform- 900’s many Christians call reform. began in monasteries & spread. Famous: Monastery of Cluny in w. France. – monks won respect for lives of pious simplicity. abbots of Cluny sent representatives to help undertake reforms. Other church leaders try to separate church from lords- wanted church, not state to be final authority. 1059- church declared political leaders no longer choose pope, cardinals- high church officials (rank directly below pope) choose. Pope, not secular rulers (ex: lords), appoint bishops & other church officials. 1073- cardinals elect reform monk- Hildebrand, aka Pope Gregory VII- believed pope should have complete jurisdiction over all church. criticized lay investiture- secular rulers give symbols of office, ex: ring/staff to bishops. Heresy- Innocent III- very powerful pope, tried reform. 1215- condemned drunk, feast, dancing for clergy. strict rules to stop heresy- denial of basic church teachings. Heresy increase as corruption & scandal rocked church. Heresy= modern equiv of treason. 1st- church try convert heretics. when fail, threatened w/ excommunication/ expulsion from Church- not allowed sacraments & outlawed from contact w/ Christian society. Since sacraments essential for salvation, this very severe penalty. 1200- ex: heretics in France, Albigensians- believed material world evil & reject church. Innocent III sent French knights to crush. Inquisition- 1232- church court. to seek out & punish heretics. accused urged to confess & ask for forgive, often w/o sufficient proof, sometimes torture used for confessions. Church welcomed repents. Punished= imprison, execution, which were needed to save the souls of the heretics. Friars- inspire reform- 1200- other reforms- wandering preachers- lived simply when other Church officials did not.- no possession, depended on gifts of food &shelter. followed monasteric, but did not isolate. lived in towns & preached Christianity. famous: Franciscans & Dominicans- since well-known & liked, friars kept many loyal to Catholic Church. Francis of Assisi- son of wealthy Ita. merchant- found Franciscan friars – 1210- sought simple life, known for cheerful trust in God & respect for nature as divine gift. Dominic- Spanish org. Dominican friars in 1215. Lived life of poverty, simplicity, service. – well educated, persuasive preachers who could reply to arguments of heretics. Jews- worsened as church stronger. Early -lived peacefully w/ Christians. became merchants/artisans/landowners, contributions valued by Christians. 1000- Christians saw Jews as outsiders & threat, blamed Jews for famines, plagues. Gave mobs excuse to attack Jews. anti-Semitism came from interpretations of Christian doctrine- many blamed Jews for Jesus’ death & resented Jews for refusing to become Christians. Jews required to wear badges/special clothes, lived in separate communities. Lost right to own land/ certain trades. , many became peddlars/ money lenders, despised jobs. 1200- some (ENG, France), expelled Jews. Many Jews go to eastern Europe (ex: Poland), for protection, eventually, Jews of e. Europe got thriving communities. European Monarchy- no centralization after Rome except Charlemagne. ENG- Romans abandon ENG in 400’s, Germanic Angles, Saxons, Jutes invade & conquer Celts & set up kingdoms. late 800’s- Danish Vikings from Scandinavia= threat. King Alfred of Wessex, aka Alred the Great, unite Anglo Saxons & defeat Danes in 886. His kingdom became Angleland, or England. Anglo Saxons- Alfred rule 871-899. like Ch., interested in revival learning., founded schools & hired scholars to translate from Latin to Eng. Write history of ENG, Anglo Saxon Chronicle. After Alfred, kings weak- Edward the Confessor, died in 1066- 3 rivals claimed the throne. Norman Conquest- William, Duke of Normandy – 1 of claim throne, cousin of Eng King & vassal of French King, feudal stronghold in nw. France. invaded ENG in 1066 w/ large fleet. defeated Harold Godwinson at battle of Hastings, Har. the king chosen by AngloSax nobles. William = William the Conqueror.- tight control of gov’t. give some lands to Norman vassals for service, made landowners swear loyalty to him. set up council of nobles to advise & named local officials- sheriffs to collect tax. To determine taxable wealth- 1st census since Rome- Domesday Book. Royal Power- although William’s court & nobles= French, ENG pop. = Ang.Sax. nxt 300 yrs- Nomran French & Ang.Sax blend to form new ENG culture. William’s successors strengthened monarchy. Henry I, Will’s son, rule 1100- 1135, created royal exchequer/ treasury to collect tax & give royal courts power. Henry’s grandson, Henry II, setup common law- use traveling judges to apply law equally. Ea. community, judges met w/ grand jury- submit suspects. petit jury soon developed to decided guilt/inno. Henry tried clergy in courts, conflict w/ Thomas a Becket, archbishop of Canterbury. 1170- 4 Henry knights murdered Becket. Height of Power, Henry rule w/ France & ENG. wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, once married to French king, owned land in sw. France. Henry’s relation w/ El. soured, but Ele. continued to influence royal policies through sons Richard I (lionhearted) & John. Magna Carta- John lost some ENG land to FRA in reign, became unpopular when increase tax & punished w/o trial. Loss of feudal rights- group of nobles met at Runnymede in 1215 & forced John sign Magna Carta/ Great Charter- V.I. doc in representative gov’t. – limits on royal power: king cannot collect tax w/o consent of Great Council; right of trial by jury. Nobles intended this to protect feudal rights, over time, it guaranteed rights of all ENG. Parliament- Henry III (John’s son)- increase pop., new towns- middle class- new- not fit medieval social order or nobles, clergy, peasants, income= business & trade, not land. increase importance in gov’t. Henry saw towns’ power, added knights & burgesses (important townspeople) to Grand Council (advise king). Grand Council called Parliament. 1295- Henry’s son Edward I- session of Model Parliament- representatives from clergy, nobility, burgesses. ENG gov’t more representative, Edward wanted more advising. 1400- Parliament- 2 chambers- Nobles & clergy= House of Lords, burgesses= house of commons. France- strong monarch, like ENG, 987- noble Hugh Capet seized Fre throne from weak Carolingian king. control Paris & land btw/ Seine & Loire Rivers in n. France. Capetian dynasty= more than 3 centuries. 1100- Capetian kings- principle of eldest son inheriting throne. Capetians increase power of monarchy & controlled feudal lords under royal. 1100- like ENG, FRE towns increase, 1108, Louis VI = king, use townspeople to strengthen royal gov’t at expense of nobles. awarded townspeople & clergy position sin his court of advisers & grant self-gov’t to towns= no obligations to lords= officials loyal to monarch instead feudal lords. Philip II, aka Philip Augustus, ruled FRE 1180=1223. 15 when king, wanted to strengthen monarchy. 43 yr. reign, doubled empire- acquire territory through marriage & recapture land from ENG. appoint loyal local officials & form semi-permanent army= weaken lords. “Saintly ruler”- King Louis IX- Phil’s grandson- 1226 king.- royal courts dominant over feudal courts & only king can mint coins. Ban private warfare & bear arms= strengthen monarch. Very religious man, ideal for chivalry & moral character. Philip IV- Louis’ grandson- handsome, aka Philip the Fair. Blond-blue eyed increase territory & trade- defeat ENG & Flanders. raised taxes & taxed new group, ex: clergy for $ for war. Pope Boniface VIII opposed tax clergy, but could not force Philip down. (Signs of strong monarchy) 1314 (death), before- Phil summoned Estates-General- assembly of nobles, clergy, townspeople- use assembly to raise taxes on national level, but assembly never as powerful as Parliament. French kings kept power. Holy Roman Empire- Ger rulers- weak/powerless: reason: disputes w/ pope & nobles. “Emperor of the Romans 1000’s & 1100’s German kings- big threat to pope’s authority. King Otto I/ Otto the Great, of GER try restore Ch.’s empire. Defeat Magyars in Battle of Lechfeld- 955, King Otto want Italy. 962- Pope John XII sought Otto’s help vs. Roman nobles opp. the pope. in return for help, Otto crowned Roman emperor. Problems- Otto & successors claimed right to intervene elct. of popes. Otto appointed & deposed several popes, but pope can depose kings! conflict led to centuries of dispute btw/ Holy Roman Emperors & Roman Catholic popes. Ger lords prevent emperors to build strong, unified state, challenge imperial power cause civil wars. Numerous wars w/ Slavic states- Poland & Bohemia & Hungary= weak emperor. Emperor & Pope Collide- during Henry IV, fight btw Pope Gregory VII. 1073 pope condemned lay investiture, want free Chruch from secular control. since bishops support Henry in struggle w/ feudal lords, emperor refused to halt practice. Pope proclaimed Henry deposed & urged another election. Henry gave in, 1077, apologized, repented. but struggle btw/ emperor & pope goes on. 1122- church & representatives of emperor reach compromise at German city Worms- Concordat of Worms- emperor name bishops & grant land, but pope the right to reject bad candidates. Pope & monarch continue struggle, but monarch increasingly powerful, threatened the church. 1 1 Ji Zhang 1/10/1999 Period 8 West Civ. Chapter 12 Test terms