Ji Zhang 1/26/99 Wes. Civ. Midterm Terms "© 1999 Ji Zhang, all rights reserved. " coverage: "chapters 1, 4, 5, 6, 12 in textbook, architecture, in Light of Above, " "Precursors, and various areas of current events." additional term inserts by Ji Zhang 1 sheet of handwritten notes (both sides) will be allowed prehistory "before writing, before 5,500 yrs. Ago" date of human like creatures 4.4 mil years ago in Africa hominids humanlike creatures anthropology hominid physical/development/behavior comapre bones & fossils paleontologists study fossils to determine characteristics of periods archaeologists prehistoric life w/ artifacts radiocarbon dating all living contain radioactive carbon; find out how long ago something died based on how much carbon-14 has decayed dendrochronology dating based on the amount of tree rings Australopithecus "1st hominid, 4.4 mil. yrs. Ago" homo habilis "1.5 mil yrs. Ago, used tools" homo erectus "after habilis, ""walk upright""" homo sapiens "100,000-200,000 yrs. Ago, ""thinks""" ice age "2 mil-10,000 yrs ago, land bridges formed " culture "way of life, prehistoric: clothing, fire, language, art, music, etc." technology skills & knowledge for collecting material & survival stone age "paleolithic (2.5 mil-12,000 BC, Mesolithic-12,000BC-8000BC, Neo8000-5000" homo habilis "1st quarter of paleolithic, oldest tools, Louis & Mary Leaky @ Olduvai " homo erectus "1.8mil-30,000-food gatherer, 500,000 yrs ago-hunters, how to make fire, clothing" migrations "habilis earliest to migrate to Eu. & Asia, erectus go to China, Indonesia, etc." language "50,000BC- erectus speech-allow group, instructions, ideas, pass on culture" Neander Valley "Germany, 1850, 100,000 yrs. Ago, Nea. Migrate to Eu. & Asia from Africa" Neanderthals "1st sapiens, 200,000 yrs ago, 5.5 ft, larger brains than now, stocky, cold climates, disc. 1850, nomads" "cared for sick, 1st to medicine, life after death, burial" Neaderthal extinction competition with homo sapiens homo sapiens sapiens "1st 50,000 yr. ago, dominate at 20,000 yrs. Ago" Cro Magnons "1st sapiens sapiens in Eu., France, 1860's fd. taller than Nea, less robust hunt/gather" CR tech "thinner blades, sharper cut, hammers, hoes, pincers, stone ax, rafts to reach Australia, 2 mil. by 15,000 BC" CR social " + food, unite to hunt big game, need rules, high status burials for leaders, caves, huts, 30-100 live together " CR cave paintings "Lascaux, Vallon-Pont-d'Arc in Fra, Esp, Afr, edu? spirit? sculptures: magic rituals?" Neolithic Rev "end of Ice Age, 5,000 yrs. ago, produce food not hunt, domesticated, dog help, sickle, pottery" Agriculture begins "barley, wheat, rice, corn, bananas, cattle, sheep, farming=permanent home, but still hard work" causes of Neo change "agriculture-permanence, specialization-different work, tech-diff. tools, e.g., ax, " 1st villages "4,000BC-90mil pop., 200 per village near water, earliest-Jericho, Cata Huyuk: ractangle flat houses lk. Peublo" Neo. tech "loom, weave wool, wheel, bricks, hammer metals- jewelry, weapons, calendars to measure when to plant" "since food depend on land, boundaries & rules of inheritance, warfare-compete for land, deities, shrines" Iceman "5,000 yrs. old, Neolithic, in Alps, wooden backpack, copper ax, bow, arrows" civilization "organized society w/ trade, gov't art, sci, means city; ""civitas"", rose from farms & river valleys" Nile River Valley civilization here Tigris & Euphrates "earliest cities, 3500 BC, Indus River Valley came 1,000 yrs. later" Huang He 1st East Asia communities 1500 BC economy ways people use environment to meet their material needs; surplus food=less work & other jobs ----w/ Benk 1/23/1999 "© 1999 Ji Zhang, all rights reserved. " 27 "militaristic, oligarchy, council of Elders" 28 formed by Athens to vs Persia w/ Delos as its treasury w/o Sparta 29 Athens & most city states vs. Sparta and few city states 30 "btw Athens & Sparta, 431-404, Sparta sold Ionia to Persians for navy, Sparta jealous of Athens, burned Athens" 31 "own land, citizenship, male, (before 500BC), (after 500 BC, does not need to own land)" 32 "sea since land transportation blockaded by mtns, sea faster, 1 yr. = ~2 round trips to Egypt" 33 "461-429BC, started by Pericles, art, science, Parthenon- 447-432" 34 Marathon-490BC-Darius defeated here when he mistakenly loaded his cavalry into his boats "Salamis- 480-Themistocles (general's ideas) lures big Persian ships in, fast Greek ships outmaneuver & kill" 35 Iliad-Homer's poem of the Trojan war Odyssey-Homer's poem of Odysseus' journey home 36 Greeks communicated bad since mountains limited travel & communication 37 "Mycenaean-2000BC-enter Greece, worship earthmother, aka Helenes, control Aegean mid 1400's, beat by Dorians" 38 "Minoan control seas- sailed as far as Egypt/Mesopotamia, large naval fleet, no city walls because of that" 39 see Salamis & Marathon (agile ships) 40 "more rights than any other polis, shopping & marry at 19 instead of 14 for better fertility" 41 "Alex: beat Persians: 334, (Granicus, then Asia Minor, then Issus, Syria)333, Med. Coast (Phoe & Egy), " "beats Darius at 331 at Gaugamela near Tigris, combined Greek & Persian cultures" 42 asked q's and verified sources- 1st historian (decide to separate fact from legend) 43 Homer- author of Iliad and Odyssey (700's BC) 44 "Thucydides- wrote about Pelop war, 1st sci. historian, accu. & impartial, ""deities did not play part in history"", " "only believed eye-witness accounts & went to sites & ""future learn from past"", offer explains" 45 "Aristotle-sci- gGolden Mean-his school=Lyceum GM-ethical principle live moderation, ""syllogism""-1 leads to 2, etc " "Plato- student of Socrates, ""Republic"", disliked democracy, liked Sparta, distrusted lower classes" "Socrates-Socratic method (q's everthing, support arguments), absolute truth, death by hemlock juice" 46 "symmetry, " -fast draft 1/24/1999- "© 1999 Ji Zhang, all rights reserved. " perspectiv& proportion "everything was proportional to each other, e.g., width = 2xlength" Hellenistic culture Hellenic culture mixed w/ Middle Eastern culture by Alex the Great Socratic Method "teaching method: ask q's w/o answers, then oppose answer w/ logic" ; force student to defend & clarify thinking Hippocratic oath "Hippocrates (father of med.): disease were natural, not supernatural, 400's, code for ethics" Socrates' Trial socrates on trial for corrupting the young & not worship gods (some view S. as threat to polis) Christians irk Roman gov't "Ch. monotheistic, refused to worship the emperor and rejected military service" Augustus Caesar "27-14AD (40yrs): rebuilt Rome, Proconsuls no exploit province, public tax collectors replaced w/" "permanent employees, grain import from N Africa, new roads, new buildings, Pax Romana" Rome social classes "Patricians-nobles, most=plebeians: wealthy nonaristocratic, merchants, etc." Augustine's confessions "N Af. Scholar born 354,: how he was converted to Christ ""City of God"" -first Christ. view" "became high Church official in N. Africa, many books, letters, sermons, shaped Christianity" jus genium "to accommodate more provinces, Romans: law dealth w/ noncitizens, jus civile-citizens" "200AD-emperor grant so much citizenship, 2 laws became one" Pax Romana "fewer children, less stable society, poor man might get $, patter for each class, many became" "rich, but most poor, 160AD-130 holidays (free bread & entertainment), Circus Maximus-arena" "impressive build., Colosseum, Pantheon by Hadrian, 1st major road-Appian Way, 300's BC" "new network of roads biult, 50,000 miles aqueducts, Galen: medicine, Ptolemy: astronomy" 132CE Jew rebellion "banned Jews from Jerusalem, live in other parts, scattered." latifundia results "Romans seize land from war-ravaged farmers, turn agriculture into profit, 30%pop=slaves" "cheap slave labor replace paid labor, unemployment, gap btw rich & poor, uprisings, slave" "rebellions, Spartacus led 70,000 slave rebel, crushed" Latin's results "Latin remained lingua franca/common language til 1500, bases of romance lang's. " authority on fief total by lord will the Conquerer "after Alfred the Great, Normandy Duke Will beat Harold Godwinson at battle hastings for ENG" wandering preachers "friars, 1200's, Francis of Assissi, Dominic, nice, not materialism, many converts" Charlemagne's accomplishments "centralized gov't, revive learning, Alcuin leader, crowned by Pope, Ch. Roman empire, " "counts, missi dominici" homage solemn ceremony btw/ lord & vassal chivalry code of conduct followed by knights manorialism "ea. lord had manor (land), serfs/peasants work there, manor produce all needed, little trade" feudalism "pop. in 900's, decentralized gov't, political sys.where depend on feudal ties" cause of Viking expeditions "overpopulation, lust for adventure" Benedictine rule "529, Roman at Monte Cassino in Italy-model for monks, liked by Greg I in 500's" Clovis "481, warrior king of Franks, 1st Ger. ruler to accept Catholicism, 700's-mayors of the palace" Charles Martel "714, mayor of palace, battle of tours in 732, give him prestige" Eric Bloodax Viking name heresy "deny of basic church teachings, Innocent III condemn in 1215" excommunication "expulsion from church, no sacraments, contact w/ Christian society, punish for heresy" goal of Inquisition "1232-court urge to confess heresy; often w/ insuf. proof, punishment need to save souls" characteristics of feudal society "feudal ties, obligations, castles for defense, 1100-stone" noble women "few, if any rights, weaving, etc" in saeculo "in the world/society, high clergy-priests, pope, bishops" manor's self-sufficiency "no trade, must produce all it needs" serfs "own land, ""bound to land"", come w/ land lord gets" vassals servant to the next lord peasants "does not own load, work on land" church reform in 900's "Cluny, try to cut feudal ties, materialism, clun-model for piousness monks & simplicity" "increase, monarchs strengthen" dark age when the Dorians invaded Mycenae after 1100 BC for 300 yrs. "Ionians reintroduce culture in 750BC-Hellenic, mid1400BC- Myc conquer Minoans, control Aeg" Solon "after Draco, 2nd of 4 leaders, 594, cancel all land debts, free debtors, limits on land, urge " "cash crops, promote trade, order fathers to teach son skill, extend citizenship to for. settle in" "Athens as artisans, all citizens participae in Asembly, aristocratic council of 400 draft measures" Draco's Code of Law "1st of 4, 621 BC, penalties large, draconian laws written, aristocrats no longer dictate laws" metic class "free, nonenslaved, foreigners in Athens, no land, no gov't, 507BC-all born Ath. men citizens" meeting place in Greek city states "foot of acropolis, public square, political center of polis, markets" Elements of Geometry "by Euclid of Alexandria, Hellenistic time, all info about geometry" Thales' theory "1st prominent Gre. sci, of Miletus in Ionia, 600BC:fortel solar eclips, water-basic substance" Ancient Olympic Games "Greek men afternoon in gymnasiums, per 4 years, Olympia, religious in honor of Zeus, trade" "& fight stopped, 776-1st games, males only, Hera festival for women in other place" Greek Tragedians "Aeschylus-father of tragedy, 400's BC, 90 plays, Oresteia" "Sophocles-general in Pelop war, human suffering unavoidable" "Euripides-rarely w/ gods, focused on human incur disaster, Trojan women" conqueor of Greece in 338BC "Philip II conquer all except Sparta, Greek too weak" epicurianism "by Epicurus, people avoid joy & pain, accept world, ignore politics, simple life, few friends" cynicism "diogenese, criticized materialism & give up luxuries & live simply w/ nature" stoicism "Zeno, ""painted porch"", what happened gov't be natural laws, happy by ignore emotions, follow" "reasons, accept even most difficult circumstances of life, affect Ropman & Christian thinkers" consuls "executive branch of gov't, 2 patricians, 1 year terms, consult ea. other, veto ea. other," "oversaw other executive officals, such aspraetors." senators "300 patrician serve for life, outwegh Assembly of Centuries, advise consul, debate foreign," " poposed laws, contracts" Assembly of Centuries "1st legislative branch, patrician, milit. formation of 100 soldiers, elect exe. branch" tribunes "plebian threat to quit milit, so 494BC:plebeian's reps, veto gov't, Assembly Tribes: plebians" who elect tribunes patricians "nobles, declared Rome republic" plebeians "most of Rome, wealthy, nonaristocratic tonwspeople, etc" circus maximus "public amusement, arena seating more than 150,000, ad 160, pax romana, charioteers" Attila "of Huns, next threat to Rome after visigothas, from central Asia, into Gaul, 451, Rome & Visi" "tog. fight Huns in cen. Gaul, Attila plundered Italy, died in 453, retreat to eastern Europe" Alaric "410AD, Visigoths chief, led into Italy, sacked rome, 378-Adrianople kill eastern Roman emp." Diocletion & Edict of Prices "raise # legions, divide emp, 2 admins. Dio as coemp. of east & Max coemp. of west., to stop eco." "decline, Edict-froze wage, max price; although penalty-death, citizens sold through illegal trade" "tax for change professions, farmers rent land to never leave property, workers retain job" Constantine "312-legal for chain workers to land, jobs hereditary, capital 330 of ea. to Byzantium, into Const." Theodosius "after 337, will upon death sep. ea. & west, 395 division pass, Byz-east" Rubicon River & Julius Caesar "born 100BC, triumvirate in 60BC, 59-milit. conquer Celts in Gaul, 49-Senate order give up army," "but Caesar, 5000 troops, cross Rubicon, divide from Roman Italy, defeat Pomp at 48BC Phasalus" "45BC-power, absolute ruler, add to senate loyalties, benefit poor, public works, force slavemas." "to hire free laborers, colonies for landless poor, free grain, but reduced welfarees, mostlasting-" "calendar, replace lunar calendar, 365 days in year, 1 extra day per4yrs., Julian calendar" Punic Wars "1st- 264:Carthage threat to seize Strait of Messina, Romans beat Scicily, but Romans beat" "them w/ grappling hooks, 241BC-Carthaginians indemnity-payment for damages" "2nd-221-Hannibal-218, grab cities in Spain, w/ elephants, cross Gaul, alps, but alps kill army" "216BC-Canne in se ITA, Han destroy Romans, but Scipio general, attack Carthage force Han" "go back, 202-def. Han at Zama, near Carth., Carth. gave lands in Spain, warships, indemnity" "3rd-Cato, senator, foe, 146-burned carthage although Carthage not a threat" Etruscans "900-500BC, rule N. ITA from Etruria, not Indo-Eu. lang; overlords, priests, slave, lower classes" "lower class free w/ rebel, Latins chief among rebels, had city of Rome, plain of Latium" "620BC-Etru. control of Rome, Tarquins, wealthy fam., provide kings rule Romans, taught brick" "create Forum, ubilt temples, 534, Tarquin Proud cruel anger, 509-Romans drove out Tarquins" although skilled Etruscans stayed in Rome Franks most powerful Germanic tribe by the 400's Carolingians "Charlemagne's dynasty, 768, 800-Rome emp" Magna Carta "John of ENG-no trial, tax, 1215-Great Charter-rep. gov't, no tax w/o concent of Great Council," "trial by jury, limits on royal power" Medieval Castles "built for security, not comfort, 1100's-stone, keep-center, fortified w/ dungeons, bailey-square" "for merchants, etc., moats, on hills" Greenland settled by Norwegian Vikings Cluny in southern France Ausonius "fourth century Gaul-scholar at Bordeaux, worry about little things and not barbarians" Sidonius "fifth century Gaul- saw fall of Rome, but believed Rome would rise, famous quote" panegyric for Euric after being captured Fortunatus "Traveler write two hymns of church, writes like Ausonius, disregard for barbarians." Gregory of Tours "Bishop, complains about grammar (since no edu.), ""History of Franks,"" praises Guntram." Eileen Power authorn of Precursors Gaul "France, where precursors takes place" Moselle River "Ausonius writes (also Fortunatus) about this… beautiful, serene, villas" 3rd century Roman empire "population decline, inflation, Diocletian & Constantine" Roman population problems Nobody wanted children because they are a financil burden barter "goods, not money, are exchanged, Romans coined, Greeks coined" """good King Guntrum""" "by Gregory, praises this barbarian king, fat, voluble man, mercurial, " Greg regard him w/ affection tells attitudes of civilization architecture----- 143 "Doric- straight-symbolizes strength, ionic-curved, shows wisdom (scroll) corinthian-flowery-wealth, beauty" 144 "State architect, designed parthenon & athena nike" 145 designed Erechtheon & Propylia (2 little buildings by the gate) 146 worked w/ Callicrates to design Parthenon (hired?) 147 "temple built in honor of Athena, curved base, symmetry, masterpiece" 148 Propylaea-entrance to acropolis designed by Mnesicles 149 "Erectheon-sacred, where the porch of maidens, by Mnesicles, in acropolis" 150 "Vitruvius- 10 bks of arch., copied Greek structure, Roman, designed Pantheon" 151 Pantheon- Roman temple w/ oculus(type of dome w/ hole on top for light)-was biggest dome 152 "Palladio-rediscovered 10 bks, wrote 4 books of arch, palladion shape, Ita/Venetian" 153 "La Rotunda- (verona) perfectly symmetrical Ionic columns, big open hall, same on all 4 sides" 154 Venetian/Palladion window (window like an arch) 155 "Inigo Jones- takes Palladion form to ENG, founds Palladian college, 16th century" 156 "Chris Wren- brought Palladion form to America, designs St. Paul's Cathedral, impacts VA architecture" 157 "St Paul's Cathedral- London, built by Chris Wren" 158 "Bacon's Caslte, VA, symmetrical, palladion shape" 159 Will Buckland- MD- family dwellings 160 Ben. Latrobe-waterworks in Philly & 1st Bank of PA 161 Tom Jefferson- VA- brought classic design from ENG for buildings at University of Virginia 162 Will Strictland- merchant's exchange (drawing in quiz) & 2nd bank of PA 163 "Thomas Jefferson-at Monte Cello, architecture student, brought back classic design from ENG for VA" 164 I Quatro Libra dell architettura-4 books of architecture 165 "technomic- basic function, eg-knife to kill" 166 socio-technomic- appearance/aesthetic- eg-beautiful knife symbolizes value 167 "ideo-technomic-political/religious-eg-beautiful knife used to kill for sacrifices, therefore, sacred" 168 function of objects- the 3 technomics 169 "5 keys to architecture-simplicity-(self-explanatory), symmetry (duh), proportion (eg., width to length ratio)" "arrangement(eg, kitchen next to living room), harmony/order (?)" 170 "Greek desire to achieve artistic perfection-pleasing to the eye, eg Parthenon, architecture makes optical illusion" 171 "Greek temples- showed myths, (pediment), gods, artistic perfection" 172 "Roman temples- strength, valor, power, rather than aesthetics" 173 "Ge. Architecture- symmetry, proportion, harmony, 5 bay, blah" 174 "5 bay- door in middle, 2 windows ea. side, symmetry" 175 "2/3 bay- door, 2 windows to side, three windows on top (2 floors), side hall" 176 "1/3 bay- door, 1 window, 2 window on top, no side hallway" 177 dentalating- teeth hanging from pediments 178 "arch- 1st by Romans, allows big entrances, firm" 179 "Phidias- sculptures of Parthenon, " 180 "Elgin Marbles-marble statues in pediment on Parthenon, stolen by Brit Lord Elgin" 181 pediment- triangular piece of stone featuring scense from mythology on top of doorways/ temples 182 "quoining- construction-bricks- alternate so edges do not match, -stability (corners-alternate ways)" 183 "roman concrete-very hard substance built to last, 1st by Romans"